ללא תוספים: תזונה למניעת סרטן המעי והריאות

1: Cancer. 2007 May 14; Diet AND breast cancer: a review of the prospective observational studies. The role of diet for the risk of breast cancer is of great interest as a potentially modifiable risk factor. The evidence from prospective observational studies was reviewed AND summarized on selected dietary factors, gene-diet interactions, AND breast cancer incidence. Dietary factors were considered that, based on their nutritional constituents, are of particular interest in the context of breast cancer: fat intake, biomarkers of fat intake, fruit AND vegetable consumption, antioxidant vitamins (vitamins A, C, E, AND beta-carotene), serum antioxidants, carbohydrate intake, glycemic index AND glycemic load, dairy consumption (including vitamin D), consumption of soy products AND isoflavones, green tea, heterocyclic amines, AND adolescent diet. The PubMed database was searched for all prospective studies that relate these dietary items to the incidence of breast cancer OR consider gene-diet interactions. Among the prospective epidemiologic studies conducted on diet AND breast cancer incidence AND gene-diet interactions AND breast cancer incidence, to date there is no association that is consistent, strong, AND statistically significant, with the exception of alcohol intake, overweight, AND weight gain. The apparent lack of association between diet AND breast cancer may reflect a true absence of association between diet AND breast cancer incidence OR may be due to measurement error exceeding the variation in the diet studied, lack of sufficient follow-up, AND focus on an age range of low susceptibility. The risk of breast cancer can be reduced by avoidance of weight gain in adulthood AND limiting the consumption of alcohol. Cancer 2007. (c) 2007 American Cancer Society. ---------------------------------------------------------- Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 May;85(5):1353-60. Dietary fiber AND whole-grain consumption in relation to colorectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet AND Health Study. BACKGROUND: Whether the intake of dietary fiber can protect against colorectal cancer is a long-standing question of considerable public health import, but the epidemiologic evidence has been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate the relation between dietary fiber AND whole-grain food intakes AND invasive colorectal cancer in the prospective National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet AND Health Study. DESIGN: The analytic cohort consisted of 291 988 men AND 197 623 women aged 50-71 y. Diet was assessed with a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire at baseline in 1995-1996; 2974 incident colorectal cancer cases were identified during 5 y of follow-up. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) AND 95% CIs. RESULTS: Total dietary fiber intake was not associated with colorectal cancer. The multivariate RR for the highest compared with the lowest intake quintile (RR(Q5-Q1)) was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.15; P for trend = 0.96). In analyses of fiber from different food sources, only fiber from grains was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (multivariate RR(Q5-Q1): 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.98; P for trend = 0.01). Whole-grain intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk: the multivariate RR(Q5-Q1) was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.89) for the whole cohort (P for trend < 0.001). The association with whole grain was stronger for rectal than for colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective cohort study, total dietary fiber intake was not associated with colorectal cancer risk, whereas whole-grain consumption was associated with a modest reduced risk. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Am J Epidemiol. 2007 May 7; Fruit AND Vegetable Intakes AND Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet AND Health Study. The authors examined the associations between fruit AND vegetable intakes AND risk of colorectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet AND Health Study. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Relative risks AND 95% confidence intervals were estimated by using the Cox proportional hazards model. During 5-year follow-up of 488,043 men AND women aged 50-71 years, 2,972 incident colorectal cancer cases were identified. The respective 10th AND 90th percentiles of total fruit AND vegetable intake (servings/1,000 kcal per day) were 1.4 AND 5.2 for men AND 1.8 AND 6.5 for women. Compared with that for the lowest quintile of vegetable intake, the multivariate relative risk for the highest quintile was 0.82 (95% confidence interval: 0.71, 0.94) for men AND 1.12 (95% confidence interval: 0.90, 1.38) for women. Increased risk of colorectal cancer was observed for very low intake of total fruits AND vegetables by men (multivariate relative risk for <1 vs. >/=2.0 servings/1,000 kcal per day = 1.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.54). Among subgroups of vegetables, green leafy vegetables were associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer for men (multivariate relative risk for the highest quintile vs. the lowest = 0.86, 95% confidence interval: 0.74, 0.99). Intake of fruits was not related to risk of colorectal cancer in men OR women. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1: Int J Cancer. 2007 May 8; Fruit AND vegetable consumption AND lung cancer risk: Updated information The association of fruit AND vegetable consumption AND lung cancer incidence was evaluated using the most recent data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer AND Nutrition (EPIC), applying a refined statistical approach (calibration) to account for measurement error potentially introduced by using food frequency questionnaire data. Between 1992 AND 2000, detailed information on diet AND life-style of 478,590 individuals participating in EPIC was collected. During a median follow-up of 6.4 years, 1,126 lung cancer cases were observed. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were applied for statistical evaluation. In the whole study population, fruit consumption was significantly inversely associated with lung cancer risk while no association was found for vegetable consumption. In current smokers, however, lung cancer risk significantly decreased with higher vegetable consumption; this association became more pronounced after calibration, the hazard ratio (HR) being 0.78 (95% CI 0.62-0.98) per 100 g increase in daily vegetable consumption. In comparison, the HR per 100 g fruit was 0.92 (0.85-0.99) in the entire cohort AND 0.90 (0.81-0.99) in smokers. Exclusion of cases diagnosed during the first 2 years of follow-up strengthened these associations, the HR being 0.71 (0.55-0.94) for vegetables (smokers) AND 0.86 (0.78-0.95) for fruit (entire cohort). Cancer incidence decreased with higher consumption of apples AND pears (entire cohort) as well as root vegetables (smokers). In addition to an overall inverse association with fruit intake, the results of this evaluation add evidence for a significant inverse association of vegetable consumption AND lung cancer incidence in smokers.

מה הקשר בין JUNK FOOD ותוצאות ארבעת המחקרים המצוטטים לעיל? נאמר שם בפירוש כי תזונה עשירה בירקות, פירות ודגנים מלאים מפחיתה את הסיכון לסרטן המעי וסרטן הריאה (3 מחקרים). במחקר הרביעי לא נמצאה הוכחה כי תוספי מזון מפחיתים סיכון לסרטן שד. תגובתך לא לעניין לחלוטין.